Vaccines And Autism A Tale Of Shifting Hypotheses

There is no doubt that the number of vaccines recommended by health care professionals and government agencies has increased rapidly since 1980. Furthermore, vaccines have also changed in how they are made, which is unknown or poorly understood by the general public. While reviewing the literature, this was shown in the article, â€Å"Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses†, by Gerber Offit (2009), where they discuss how vaccines have changed overtime. The authors state that today a single vaccine use uses less than 200 bacterial and viral proteins or polysaccharides compared to over 3000 immunological components used in 1980. In addition, the amount of protein chemistry and recombinant DNA has also increased. This helps cut back on vaccine-related reactions, because the vaccine only resembles a microbe and doesn’t function on one. Understanding Human’s Immunological Capabilities The human immune system having far greater capabilities than what it is often believed to have been was a common theme throughout the literature review. This was especially prevenient in two of these studies; first being in Gerber and Offit’s paper where they explain just how capable people are at responding against a vaccine. They state that studies have shown that a child’s immune system is capable of responding to a thousand vaccines simultaneously without any adverse effects. In addition, children are infected by up to 6 microbes daily, which far exceeds the 36 shots given over aShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On My Annual Flu Vaccination1042 Words   |  5 Pageseffects these vaccines could have on their children. This lead me to my quest on finding whether or not vaccines hurt society more than they helped. The first step I took in my expedition was increasing my understanding of vaccines and how they functioned. Luckily, since my major is microbiology, I have taken some courses that have given me a foundation to understanding vaccines. By simply googling how vaccines work, I found the CDC’s article thoroughly explaining the fundamentals of vaccines. BasicallyRead MoreVaccines And Autism : Do Vaccines Cause Autism?1231 Words   |  5 PagesPseudoscience? I. Vaccines Autism Do Vaccines cause Autism? II. Abstract Do vaccines cause autism is a question that has been bouncing around for over twenty years. The increase in the number of diagnosed cases of Autism Spectrum Disorder has increased significantly and due to the impact this has in people’s lives several studies have been done in an effort to determine the cause. More specifically the MMR, Measles, Mumps, and Rubella, vaccination has been accused of being the cause of autism. This accusationRead MorePros And Cons Of Vaccinations1285 Words   |  6 Pages Vaccinations are a heavily debated topic in society today. Vaccinations have long been defined as a successful health measure, but the safety of vaccines raise concerns among many parents. According to Glanz et al., â€Å"The issue of vaccine hesitancy can be examined from several different angles, many of which point to the delicate balance between personal liberty and public health† (2). Personal rights and public health concerns, collide on this subject. Many parents wa nt to decide if their childrenRead MoreChildhood Vaccinations And The Dangers1226 Words   |  5 Pages(in fear of their acquiring autism), and health professionals fearful that the population percentage of people acquiring measles, mumps, or rubella (for it was the M.M.R. vaccination that the parents feared in particular) would rise to a number which would lead to a mass risk of disease. Despite Wakefields’ study, the truth persists in all types of experiments related to vaccination. Whether being tested in a replication of Wakefields’ study or in any other, vaccines have been proven to work at preventingRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Society1485 Words   |  6 Pagesvaccinated early in life for diseases such as rubella, measles, and tetanus. Vaccines have been perfected to shield and protect our body from seriously life threatening diseases that could have the potential to wipe out large populations. Most of America and a lot of western countries see vaccines as beneficial and a common necessity for their children and themselves. However, this view has not always been accepted. In fact, vaccines were only first widely considered to be helpful for diseases when a man

The Role of Career Development in Improving Organizational...

The Role of Career Development in Improving Organizational Effectiveness and Employee Development Robert C. Merchant, Jr. Abstract Todays employees are more career conscious then ever. They are demanding more in terms of personal growth and development. Organizations that fail to allow employees to meet their individual needs will be losing valued employees. This paper will examine the role and importance of Career Development Programs in developing and retaining employees. A Career Development Program seeks to match to needs of the employee with those of the organization with the major components being counseling and training. Counseling provides employees with the opportunity to define career goals and to create plans within the context†¦show more content†¦It is apparent this can be accomplished by implementing a Career Development Program in the workplace. This will enhance organizational loyalty among employees, result in higher levels of job satisfaction, lower employee turnover, and fewer employee complaints (Werther Davis, 1992). Purpose Over the past several ye ars, a number of highly-skilled and trained police officers have left the Altamonte Springs Police Department; it was not known whether these employees left for greater opportunities elsewhere or concerns about no where to go. Information was gathered on former employees in hopes of identifying the reasons why they left. The data was analyzed and it was learned that a majority cited personal reasons or obtained employment with other police agencies. It was interesting to note that a high percentage of these officers had three years or less experience. This writer decided to examine the merits of a Career Development Program for the Altamonte Springs Police Department, not only to address the employee retention issue, but also to provide a framework for current and future employees to follow throughout their career with this agency. This research will examine the career development process and focus on those methods and techniques that have been successfully used by organizations in establishing Career Development Programs. This will also provide a framework from which aShow MoreRelatedCareer Development And Performance Of Succession Planning Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesCareer Development and Performance Succession planning selects and develops future company leaders, but it is also an important opportunity an organization can use to develop employees for non-management roles. Succession planning concentrates on high-potential employees that the organization considers promising for higher-level manager positions (Noe, 2016). Succession planning should be combined with talent reviews to help employees understand their current skills and abilities and the skillsRead MorePerformance Appraisals and Employee Performance1035 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Performance Appraisals and Employee Performance: Performance appraisals are constantly viewed as burdensome tasks that employers would like to avoid despite understanding the significance of evaluating the performance of employees. This consideration is further fueled in organizations and companies with minimal pay raises and bonuses as well as those with downsized compensations. Organizations that take similar initiatives to deal with current economic challenges also experience difficultiesRead MoreCorrelation Between Employee Motivation And Job Performance Essay1098 Words   |  5 PagesHuman resource is vital for any organization. So it is important to manage organizational happiness, so that employees will do their best for the organization. An employee performance appraisal can act as motivation for an employee to improve his productivity. When an employee sees his goals clearly defined and is measured against the set goals and objectives, a need can be identified about the future strategies of employee motivation. In this review, I will look at and explore the multiple argumentsRead MoreEmployee Training and Career Development Paper1300 Words   |  6 PagesEmployee Training and Career Development Paper University of Phoenix HRM/300 August 21, 2012 Employee Training and Career Development Paper Knowledgeable and well trained employees are needed in every organization. It is important employees are able to perform all the tasks needed in order to reach the organizations needs and achieve the set goals. As times change, employees may stay behind in skills or may even lack training when it comes to new systems, technology or other proceduresRead MoreContribution Of Shrm Towards Organizational Management Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesContribution of SHRM towards Organizational Effectiveness- A Study with Reference to NGOs in Kerala ANU P. MATHEW Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Deva Matha College Kuravilangad, Kerala, India ABSTRACT As the business environment has become more and more complex and uncertain over the years, it becomes imperative for organizations to adopt strategies and effectively putting them into practice so that they can attain solid competitive advantage in the fiercely competitive market. HumanRead MorePerformance Management System1178 Words   |  5 Pagesmost successfully. The performance management system is a path to increasing employee awareness of their own effectiveness in the business unit, guiding them to be better, both in their career (personal development) and in the business (finding the future leaders of the company). As part of the current task force grouped to upgrade the current approach, a systematic program instituted by the HRD to boost the effectiveness of the program should be implemented. The strategy should include a coordinatedRead MoreTraining And Development ( T D ) Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesTraining and development (TD) is a task of human resource manageme nt hesitant with organizational interest intended at improving the performance of associates and groups in an organizational environment. Training is a platform that helps employees learn detailed information or skills to increase performance in their current roles. On the other hand, Development is far reaching and stresses the employee growth and future performance. 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It makes employees to become aware of the organizations expectations after performance evaluation which helps them in improving their performance (de Waal, 2004). This is further emphasized by Gabris and Ihrke (2000) who found out that the main aim ofRead MoreHuman Resource Management Affects Organizations Performance1141 Words   |  5 Pagesthe human resource management affects organizations performance has always presented in academic world. Many scholars have done a lot of theoretical and field work, trying to prove that the contribution and impact of human resource management on organizational performance. Human resource management provides direction and enhances competitiveness in organization, and becoming a strategic partner in helping companies im proves its performance (Ajit Kumar Kar, 2012). However, when it comes to particular

Is Puppy Mills A Product Of Consumerism - 1280 Words

Puppy mills are a product of consumerism, a trait that is central in American life, which is the cause for many individual’s â€Å"shopping for animals†, be it because they want a puppy, which is cute, though the youth is short lived, or be it because they’re seeking a specific breed of animal- regardless, these central issues are the life-blood of â€Å"puppy mills† or essentially human trafficking, minus the humans. When buying from these mills, society is only supporting the deplorable conditions and their poor quality of care; furthermore, the â€Å"need† for purebred dogs is only perpetuating the problem. As Americans we must stop this humanitarian issue, one method of doing so is by adopting from animal shelters. To begin let’s look at the problem: puppy mills, they produce mass amounts of puppies in poor conditions, the only concern being quantity of life, not quality of life. The life of a mill dog is one of intense suffering, â€Å"The Federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA) passed in 1966 does not see these dogs as pets, but as livestock. Under the AWA, it is legal to keep a dog in a cage only 6 inches longer than the dog in each direction, with a wire floor, stacked on top of another cage† (A Closer Look). Forced to live in the squalor of their own feces their lives are bleak and hopeless. Most of us would never leave our animals out in the cold, snow, rain or the sweltering heat we have. These poor animals live caged in these harsh elements with little to no shelter. This type ofShow MoreRelatedStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagestechniques Demographic segmentation Behavioural segmentation Psychographic and lifestyle segmentation Approaches to segmentin g industrial markets Market targeting Deciding on the breadth of market coverage Product positioning Summary 9 The formulation of strategy – 1: analysing the product portfolio 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 10 Learning objectives Introduction The development of strategic perspectives Models of portfolio analysis Market attractiveness and business position assessment Criticisms

Governance Long Term Operating Performance - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Governance Long-Term Operating Performance. Answer: Company description Mobile Embrace operates in Australia as the mobile marketing and mobile payment company. It operates mainly through 2 segments, they are Convey and 4th Screen Advertising Australia. The 4th Screen segment provides the services related to mobile media development and design. It also offers solutions related to mobile advertising or marketing, infrastructure for m-payments and engages customers through tablets and mobiles. On the other hand, Convey segment provides m-commerce platform and trading desk for mobile media. The company is based in East Sydney of Australia (Mobile Embrace 2017). Ownership governance structure Substantial shareholders Greater than 20% of shares no shareholder is there who is holding greater than 20% of shares Greater than 5% of shares Waughdoc Pty Ltd holding 22,176,639 shares that is 5.01% of shares. Name of key persons Chairman Drew Kelton Board members apart from chairman and CEO the board members are David Andrew Haines Christopher Thorpe CEO Neil Wiles It is recognised that none of the key persons are holding more than 20% or 5% of shares and therefore will not be considered as substantial shareholders. Key ratios of Mobile Embrace Return on assets (ROA) = (NPAT / Total Assets) Return on Equity (ROE) = (Net profit after tax / Ordinary equity) Ratio Formula 2017 2016 2015 2014 Return on assets NAPT / Total asset 0.026 0.072 0.095 0.130 Return on equity NPAT / Ordinary equity 0.038 0.123 0.135 0.148 Debt ratio = Total liabilities / Total assets Ratio Formula 2017 2016 2015 2014 Debt ratio Total liabilities / Total assets 0.305 0.418 0.295 0.120 EBIT/TA * NPAT/EBIT * TA/OE = NPAT/OE EBIT/TA * NPAT/EBIT * TA/OE = 10,35,812/603,65,057 * 15,95,677/10,35,812 * 603,65,057/419,77,943 = 0.038 NPAT/OE = 15,95,677 / 419,77,943 = 0.038 Hence, from above calculation it can be proved that EBIT/TA * NPAT/EBIT * TA/OE = NPAT/OE Phenomenon of TA/OE variable It equation stands for the total assets of the company against its owners equity. It is based on various factors like the industry status, economic status and revenue earning capacity of the company. If the total asset goes up it will reduce the return on asset. On the contrary when the total asset goes down it will increase the companys return on the asset (Halili, Saleh and Zeitun 2015). There is no ideal average for the total asset to owners equity ratio. However, the high ratio states that the company is stable and will be considered sustainable for long term. Reasons for higher ROE as compared to ROA ROE or return on equity is net income that is returned as the percentage of the owners equity. It measures the profitability of the company through revealing the amount of profit the company generates with shareholders invested money. On the other hand, ROA or the return on assets indicates the profitability of the company as compared to the total assets. It gives the idea regarding the efficiency of the management to use its assets for generating earnings. It is calculated by dividing the net income of the company by its total assets and is shown in percentage form. ROE higher than ROA represents that the total asset of the company is more than the shareholders equity. When the debt portion of the capital structure increases, the equity portion is decreased, which in turn increases the ROE as the equity is put in denominator while calculating the ROE (Baos-Caballero, Garca-Teruel and Martnez-Solano 2014). Further, if the company raise additional fund through borrowing the ROE will i ncrease if compared with ROA ASX Information Monthly stock movement Mobile Embrace Limited - Mobile Embrace Limited Date Adj Close Changes 31-12-2015 0.3 31-01-2016 0.31 0.033 29-02-2016 0.315 0.016 31-03-2016 0.35 0.111 30-04-2016 0.335 -0.043 31-05-2016 0.305 -0.090 30-06-2016 0.35 0.148 31-07-2016 0.32 -0.086 31-08-2016 0.295 -0.078 30-09-2016 0.27 -0.085 31-10-2016 0.13 -0.519 30-11-2016 0.12 -0.077 31-12-2016 0.14 0.167 31-01-2017 0.061 -0.564 28-02-2017 0.057 -0.066 31-03-2017 0.055 -0.035 30-04-2017 0.047 -0.145 31-05-2017 0.05 0.064 30-06-2017 0.084 0.680 31-07-2017 0.075 -0.107 31-08-2017 0.059 -0.213 30-09-2017 0.052 -0.119 31-10-2017 0.055 0.058 30-11-2017 0.047 -0.145 All Ordinary Index - All Ordinary Index Date Adj Close Changes 31-12-2015 5005.5 31-01-2016 4880.899902 -0.025 29-02-2016 5082.799805 0.041 31-03-2016 5252.200195 0.033 30-04-2016 5378.600098 0.024 31-05-2016 5233.399902 -0.027 30-06-2016 5562.299805 0.063 31-07-2016 5433 -0.023 31-08-2016 5435.899902 0.001 30-09-2016 5317.700195 -0.022 31-10-2016 5440.5 0.023 30-11-2016 5665.799805 0.041 31-12-2016 5620.899902 -0.008 31-01-2017 5712.200195 0.016 28-02-2017 5864.899902 0.027 31-03-2017 5924.100098 0.010 30-04-2017 5724.600098 -0.034 31-05-2017 5721.5 -0.001 30-06-2017 5720.600098 0.000 31-07-2017 5714.5 -0.001 31-08-2017 5681.600098 -0.006 30-09-2017 5909 0.040 31-10-2017 5969.899902 0.010 30-11-2017 6065.100098 0.016 Report on movement of above stocks The report on stock movement reveals the information related to closing and opening rate of the stock on particular dates. This is used for tracking the movement of stock over the period of time. It is recognised from above graphs that the stock of Mobile Embrace is downward moving and the value f their fell significantly in last 2 years. On the other hand, stock of All Ordinary Index has been moved upward moderately during last 2 years period (Heikal, Khaddafi and Ummah 2014). It was further found that the stock of Mobile Embrace is more volatile as compared to All Ordinary Index. Further, the correlation among 2 stocks comes to 0.834. Therefore, the stocks are negatively correlated. Recent announcement Name change - The company changed its name from Mobile Embrace to Impelus Limited Board composition Chris Thorpe, the non-executive director of the company has decided to step down from board for pursuing other interests. Acquisition of C2B Solutions the company acquired C2B Solution for strengthening the marketing business for digital performance Litigation the company settled the ongoing litigation with the GBD Ventures Pty Limited under which the company was sued for $ 3.537 million. Increase of shareholding the company increased its shareholding in the Award Winning Clipp App, which is a leading smart phone app for mobile payment and loyalty. Stock field Calculated beta of the company is 2.42 Risk free rate = Rf = 4%, Market risk premium = Rm = 6% Therefore, required rate of return of the companys share = R = Rf + ( Rm Rf ) R = 4% + 2.42* (6% 4%) = 8.84% Conservative investment The investment made in lower risk securities and regular payments are known as conservative investment. This method of investment is the one that is exposed to preserving the purchasing power of the investor with lower possible risk (Lara, Osma and Penalva 2016). Under the conservative investment the investor selects less fluctuating stocks for investment. This is the wise strategy for investment when the money from investment is required in short term period or when the economy is going through significant downturn. Though the conservative investment protects the investor against inflation, the investor misses out the considerable growth during economic prosperity. The conservative investor must decide the return with the acceptability level of risk (Eisdorfer, Giaccotto and White 2013). However, it has been found that the beta of the company is 2.42, which is considered as quite high. Further, for the last 2 years the company did not pay any dividend to its shareholder (He and Kris hnamurthy 2013). Therefore, it will not be considered as a conservative investment. WACC (weighted average cost of capital) Computation of WACC WACC = E/V * Re +D/V * Rd * (1-Tc), Where, E/V = Equity percentage in the capital structure = 88% D/V = Debt percentage in the capital structure = 12% Re = Cost of equity = 8.84% Rd = Rate of debt = 1.02% Tc = corporate tax rate = 30% The given information for computation of WACC are as follows Amount in $'000 Amount of Debt 59,94,380.00 Amount of Equity 419,77,943.00 Total 479,72,323.00 Percentage of debt 12% Percentage of equity 88% Thus, WACC = 88*8.84% + 12*1.02% (1- 0.30) = 7.78 + 0.09 = 7.86% The implication of higher WACC WACC or the weighted average cost of capital is average of minimum after-tax requirement for rate of return that the firm must be able to earn for its shareholders. The WACC is measured through finding the cast of each capital component and then multiplied it by its percentage to total capital and finally summing up all the cost (Arsov, Shanahan and Williams 2013). It is an important tool as it analyses whether the particular project is able to increase shareholders wealth or not. Higher WACC represents that the company is highly leveraged and associated with higher level of capital risk. Therefore, the management shall raise additional fund through cheaper source of capital that is the fund with lower level of risk and cost (Zabarankin, Pavlikov and Uryasev 2014). Optimal debt structure Optimal structure for capital Debt ratio Total liabilities / Total assets Year 2017 = 0.305 Year 2016 = 0.418 It is the structure at which the value of the company can be maximised. It is the structure under which the firm determines best mix for equity and debt financing for using in its expansions and operations. The debt ratio around 0.40 or less than that is considered as optimal debt ratio. It is found from the above table that the debt ratio of the company for 2016 is 0.42 and it further improved in 2017 as the debt ratio for 2017 is 0.31. Therefore, the company is maintaining optimal structure (Akeem et al. 2014). Gearing ratio Gearing ratio is the general segregation that explains the financial ratio and compares the form of shareholders equity as against the borrowed funds of the company (Amba 2014). It is the measurement of companys financial leverage that demonstrates the level to which the activities of the company are sourced from the owners capital as against the funds of creditors. It measures the owners equity against the debt. The higher level of gearing ratio of any company indicates that it is exposed to higher leverage risk and is susceptible to the economic downturns (Master and Hao 2014). The reason behind this is that the company with higher level of leverage will have higher debt as compared to equity. It can be seen that the capital structure of the company is composed of 88% equity and only 12% of debt. Therefore, for adjusting the gearing ratio it increased its borrowing from $ 56,26,666 to $ 59,94,380 over the year from 2016 to 2017. However, the directors report mentioned nothing for s uch adjustment. Dividend policy The dividend policy is guidelines set that any company uses for deciding how much of the net income it can pay to the shareholders. Generally the investors are not concerned regarding the dividend policy of the company as they always have the option to sell the equity portion if they prefer cash (Levy 2015). It is identified from the annual report of Mobile Embrace that no dividend has been paid by the company for the year 2016 as well as for the year 2017. Further, the directors did not recommend any dividend payment for financial year ended 30th June 2017. The company did not pay any dividend to keep the amount available for other investment (Renneboog and Szilagyi 2015). Recommendation Generally, before considering the stock for investment, the investor takes into consideration various factors like required return, expected return, associated risks, purchase costs, stability and sustainability of the company. Risk of the stock plays major role in selection of the portfolio as the risk taking approaches of different investors are different. It is suggested based on the above analysis that if the client is looking for stable return and lower risk investment then the stock of Mobile Embrace shall not be included in his portfolio. However, if the other factors are taken into consideration that is the net income, ROA and debt ratio, the company can be considered as stable and sustainable for long term period. Therefore, the client shall include the stock in his portfolio. Reference Akeem, L.B., Terer, E.K., Kiyanjui, M.W. and Kayode, A.M., 2014. Effects of capital structure on firms performance: Empirical study of manufacturing companies in Nigeria.Journal of Finance and Investment Analysis,3(4), pp.39-57. Amba, S.M., 2014. Corporate governance and firms' financial performance.Journal of Academic and Business Ethics,8, p.1. Arsov, I., Shanahan, B. and Williams, T., 2013. Funding the Australian resources investment boom.RBA Bulletin, March, pp.51-61. Baos-Caballero, S., Garca-Teruel, P.J. and Martnez-Solano, P., 2014. Working capital management, corporate performance, and financial constraints.Journal of Business Research,67(3), pp.332-338. Eisdorfer, A., Giaccotto, C. and White, R., 2013. Capital structure, executive compensation, and investment efficiency.Journal of Banking Finance,37(2), pp.549-562. Halili, E, Saleh, A and Zeitun, R., 2015. 'Governance and Long-Term Operating Performance of Family and Non-Family Firms in Australia', Studies in Economics and Finance, vol.32, no.4, pp.398-421. He, Z. and Krishnamurthy, A., 2013. Intermediary asset pricing.The American Economic Review,103(2), pp.732-770. Heikal, M., Khaddafi, M. and Ummah, A., 2014. Influence analysis of return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), net profit margin (NPM), debt to equity ratio (DER), and current ratio (CR), against corporate profit growth in automotive in Indonesia stock exchange.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(12), p.101. Lara, J.M.G., Osma, B.G. and Penalva, F., 2016. Accounting conservatism and firm investment efficiency.Journal of Accounting and Economics,61(1), pp.221-238. Levy, H., 2015.Stochastic dominance: Investment decision making under uncertainty. Springer. Master, X.X. and Hao, Y., 2014. An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Capital Structure and Financial Performance--Based on Neural Network Analysis.International Journal of Business and Social Science,5(4). Mobile Embrace., 2017. Home Mobile Embrace. [online] Available at: https://mobileembrace.com/ [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. Renneboog, L. and Szilagyi, P.G., 2015. How relevant is dividend policy under low shareholder protection?.Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money. Zabarankin, M., Pavlikov, K. and Uryasev, S., 2014. Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) with drawdown measure.European Journal of Operational Research,234(2), pp.508-517.